Inglés.

Grammar activities

Unit 1

LESSON 1: Compound and complex sentences

56 Complete the sentences. Use the conjunctions in the box. Add commas where necessary.

Although      and       because       but       however      if      moreover      or       so

0)      If you don’t hurry up and get ready, we’ll be late.

1)      He was busy working so he couldn’t come with us.

2)      Shall we go to the cinema or should we stay al home?

3)      You should try to eat less and you should get more exercise.

4)      Although a Rolls Royce is a beautiful car, it’s expensive to maintain.

5)      They installed a new security system; moreover they hired extra guards.

6)      We’ve cut costs and increased production; however we’re still not making a profit.

7)      Because he wasn’t feeling well, I offered to do the shopping for him.

Carla was supposed to drive us to the station but her husband needed the car

57b. Complete the essay. Use one world in each gap.

Today 20% of the world’s population consumes 80% of the world’s natural resources. That same 20% (o) also creates half of the world’s fossil fuel pollution. Unfortunately, our lifestyle (1) neither increases our well-being (2) nor makes the world a better place for our children.

Let’s start by looking at our attachment to the car. As well (3) as being a status symbol, the car is convenient but how else does it affect us? (4) First of all, we spend hours every week inside a car and this isolates us from nature. (5) Next, driving has replaced walking and other forms of exercise. And finally, gas emissions from cars are threatening to destroy the planet. (6) Either we face the problems now (7) or we will have to deal with the consequences.

So what can we do to take better care of our planet? To being with, we can leave our car at home and start walking, running or cycling to work. We can spend more time outdoors (8) too. In (9) addition, we can encourage others to do the same teach our children a sense of responsibility for their environment.

58b Re-write the sentences. Use the words in brackets.

0)      I’m not sure if my answers are right but you can copy them. (although)

Although I’m not sure if my answers are right, you can copy them.

1)      Despite the fact that her doctor told her to rest, she went to Spain. (even though)

She went to Spain even though her doctor told her to rest.

2)      She joined the company only a year ago but she’s been promoted already ( in spite of) 

She has been promoted already in spite of the fact that she joined the company only a year ago.

3)      He hasn`t got any experience but he’s keen to learn ( however)

He hasn’t got any experience; however, he’s keen to learn.

4)      I`d like to eat out but I should be saving  money (while)

I should be saving money while I‘d like to eat out.

5)      I thought he looked ill; however, I wasn’t completely sure. (but)

I thought he looked ill, but I wasn`t completely sure.

6)      Even thought it was raining, we went out for the day. (despite)

We went out for the day despite rain.

7)      The government spend money on weapons but it neglected education. (whereas)

The government spend money on weapons whereas it neglected education.

59b. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using the word in bold. Use between two and five words.

0)      All my clothes got wet because of the storm. There

All my clothes got wet because there was a storm.

1)      The car crashed because the driver was careless. Of.

The car crashed because of the driver’s carelessness.

2)      I studied for many years so that I could become a doctor. Order

I studied for many years in order to become a doctor.

3)      I lied to him because I didn’t want to hurt his feeling. In

I lied to him in order not to hurt his feelings.

4)      She is studying because she has a test tomorrow. So

She has a test tomorrow so she is studying

5)      He had to leave his job owing to poor health. Since

He had to leave his job since his health was poor.

6)      Let’s leave early to avoid the rush hour. That

Let’s leave early so that we avoid the rush hour.

LESSON 5: Time clauses

60ª Join the sentences. Use the words in brackets.

0)      The children will finish their homework. We’ll go out then. (when)

When the children have finished their homework, we’ll go out.

1)      He’ll be working. She’ll be lying on the beach (while).

While he’ll be working, she’ll be lying on the beach

2)      You’ll tell me what really happened. Only then will I help you (once).

Once you have told me what really happened. I will help you

3)      Jake will finish the report he’s writing. He’ll come over to my place. (as soon as)

Jake will come over to my place as soon as he finishes the report he’s writing

4)      Petra and Otto will go swimming. They’ll do the washing up fist. (after)

Petra and Otto will go swimming, after they do the washing up.

5)      I’ll see Helen. I’ll give her your regards (when)

When I see Helen, I’ll give her you regard.

6)      Gareth will keep looking for his wallet. He’ll find it (until)

Gareth will keep looking for his wallet, until he finds it.

7)      First you have to pass a driving test. Then you can get a driving licence (before).

Before you get a driving licence, you have to pass a driving test.

8)      She’ll add some herbs to the dish. It will taste better (when)

When she adds some herbs to the dish, It will taste better.

60b. Complete the interview. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

A.    So what are you going to do you (0) graduate (graduate)?

B.     Well, some of my friends are planning to see the world before they (1) start (start) work. But I travelled quite a lot of after I (2) had finished (finish) school. As soon as I(3) leave (leave) university. I want to get a job and start paying off my student loan

A.     That sounds very practical. Do you think it will be easy to find work?

B.      Well, when I (4) chose (choose) to university, I did a lot of research- I wanted to be sure I wouldn’t be wasting my time and money here!

A.     Do you think you made the right decision?

B.      I think so. After I(6) had given (give) my options a lot of thought, I decided to do a “sandwich course”. That means I work for a year as part of my studies. So when prospective employers (7) will look (look) at my CV, they (8) will see (see) that I’ve had work experience-and that will make a difference to my job prospects.

A.    And are you enjoying you course?

B.      Most of time. Sometimes, when I (9) have (have) a paper to write, I (10) think (think) I should be lying on a beach somewhere instead!  But once I (11) get (get) my degree, I don’t think I’ll have any regrets.

1)      Complete the conversations. Use the words in the box. You do not need all of them.

Actually      after all      anyway        by the way        or rather           too        well

1.      A: Do you get on with your new flatmate?

B: I’m not sure. After all, she’s only just moved in and I haven’t had a chance to get to know her yet.

2.      A: I thought you were going to get a new mobile phone?

B: I was, but this one works fine and anyway, I can’t afford the one I want.

3.      A: wasn’t the maths exam difficult?

B: Actually, I didn’t think it was too bad.

4.      A: Rodrigo doesn’t want to come to the game with us.

B: By the way, he should have told us. I’ve already bought a ticket for him.

5.      A: Are going out with Pauline this evening?

B: We’re going to a club. Why don’t you come along too?

2)      Complete the essay. Use one word in each gap.

(11) Although the damaging effects of the motor car are well known, the number of vehicles on the road is growing rapidly. In 1950 there were fewer than 50 million cars in use round the world (12) while in 2006 there were almost 33 million cars in the UK alone. Let’s examine problems associated with the car and a possible solution

(13) First of all, more people are killed in accidents involving cars than any other form of transport. (14) Second, road accidents receive less attention from the media than other less common but more spectacular accidents.

In (15) addition, the car is a major cause of pollution and petrol emission are damaging to our health and to the environment (16) as well. (17) in spite of this, car sales continue to grow. Unfortunately, it seems that (18) neither concern for ourselves (19) nor concern for the planet will convince us to change our habits.

An obvious answer to the problem is better public transport. (20) If public transport were cheaper, more comfortable and more reliable, we would be less inclined to use the car. But we need to act (21) before it is too late. We must change our attitudes and priorities (22) so the future generations can live in a better world.

Unit 2.

LESSON 1: noun clauses. 52a Underline the noun clauses in the following dialogue. Angie and Helen are talking at work. Angie is Helen’s boss. A: Helen, I’m delighted to hear that you’ve decided to accept the post of junior manager. H: Yes. I just hope that it turns out all right. A: Oh, I’m sure it will. Is there anything in particular that you’re worried about? H: well, yes. I’m not sure how the staff will respond to me as a manager. After all, I am quite a bit younger than most of them. A: Oh, I wouldn’t worry too much about that. I expect that some of them will be a bit hostile to you at first but they’ll soon get used to the fact that you’re the boss. It’s important that you appear confident in your position, even if you don’t feel very confident. The reason that you got this position at your age is that you’re good and you must remember that. H: well, I hope that I will live up to your expectations of me. I will certainly try. 52b. Join the sentence together using a noun cluse. Make changes where necessary. 1.      He’s lying to you. I’m sure. I’m sure that he’s lying to you. 2.      You did something. It is unforgivable. What you did is unforgivable. It is unforgivable what you did. 3.      She still holds on to the belief. He isn’t dead. She still holds on to the belief that he isn’t dead. 4.      She hasn’t made a complaint. We must be grateful for that. We must be grateful for the fact that she hasn’t made a complaint. How many people are coming to the meeting, I don’t know. 5.      Some people are coming to the meeting.. I don`t know how many. I don’t know how many people are coming to the meeting. 6.      She didn`t lie to you about it. That suggestion is ridiculous. The suggestion that she didn`t lie to you about it, is ridiculous. 7.      You’re going with him. I presume that. I presume that you are going with him. 8.      Judith’s coming round tonight. Have you forgotten that? Have you forgotten that Judith’s coming round tonight? 9.      She may have passed her exams. I don`t know. I don’t know if she has passed her exams 10.  He didn`t tell her the truth. She is very angry about that. She is very angry for the fact that he didn’t tell her the truth 11.  She may be good enough to do the job: she may not. It remains doubtful. Whether or not she is good enough to do the job, remains doubtful. 12.  He has some emotional problems. That is quite apparent. That he has some emotional problems is quite apparent. 13.  Where are we going to meet tonight? Have you arranged that? Have you arranged where we are going to meet tonight? 14.  How is she? Do you know? Do you know how she is? 15.  They’re getting married. I’m delighted. I’m delighted that they are getting married. LESSON 2: present participle clauses. 53.  In your notebook, rewrite the sentences below using a present participial or perfect participial phrase. 1.      I smelt something. It was burning. I smelt something burning. 2.      I went round to see her. I was hoping for a reconciliation. I went round to see her hoping for a reconciliation. 3.      While he hated the job, he did it for many years. While hating the job, he did it for many years. 4.      She came in. she looked furious. She came in looking furious. 5.      I had plenty of time to spare so I had a good look round the town. Having plenty of time to spare, I had a good look round the town. 6.      He was wearing only a pair of shorts. He walked out into the darkness. He walked out into the darkness wearing only a pair of shorts. 7.      I had been out all day so I was quite happy to stay in for the evening. Being out all day, I was quite happy to stay in for the evening. 8.      The bedrooms that overlook the sea are the best ones in the hotel. The best ones in the hotel are overlooking. 9.      We are wasting time. We are sitting here and doing nothing. We are wasting time to sit and doing nothing. 10.  I have changed my job since I last wrote to you. Since writing to you, I have changed my job since. 11.  Before I make a decision, I need to discuss it with my partner. I need to discuss with my partner before making a decision. 12.  We had been friends for twenty years and suddenly we had a big argument and haven`t seen each other since. Being friends for twenty years suddenly we had a big argument and haven`t seen each other since. 13.  I had failed one of my exams so I couldn`t get into university. Having failed one of my exams, I couldn´t get into university. 14.  Because he loved her so much, he forgave her for everything. Loving her so much, he forgave her for everything. 15.  I left them. They were doing the washing-up. I left them doing the washing-up. LESSON 3: past participle clauses. 54. rewrite the sentences below using a past participal phrase or being + past participial phrase. 1.      I was exhausted through lack of sleep, I fell asleep at my desk Exhausted through lack of slept, I fell asleep at my desk. 2.      Peter was abandoned by his parents at an early age and took to stealing. Being abandoned by his parents at an early age, he was took to stealing. 3.      Although it was written many years ago, the book is still relevant today. Although written many years ago, the book is still relevant today. 4.      Since I was promoted, I have had on time to go out. Since promoted, I have had no time to go out. 5.      The boy was taken from his parents are an early age. He had a very difficult life. Being taken from his parents at an early age, the boy had a very difficult life. 6.      The money was hidden in the cellar. It was not discovered for many years. Being hidden in the cellar, the money wasn’t discovered for many years. 7.      He was frequently criticized for his self-centred attitude but was nonetheless very popular. Being frequently criticized for his self-centred attitude, he was nonetheless very popular. 8.      After he was released from prison, Andy could not find a job anywhere. After being released from prison, Andy couldn’t find a job anywhere. 9.      The committee meeting, which were always dominated by the same people, were slow-moving and ineffectual. Being dominated by the same people, the committee meeting were slow-moving and ineffectual. 10.  When he was caught, he confused everything ( on…) When caught, he confused everything. 11.  When it is seen from the outside, the building looks a mess, but it is lovely inside. When being seen from the outside, the building looks a mess, but is lovely inside. 12.  If we are elected, we will increase the value of pensions. If elected, we will increase the value of prisons. 13.  Although he was ridiculed by everybody, he continued to propose his bizarre projects. Although ridiculed by everything, he continued to purpose his bizarre projects. 14.  Unless it is destroyed, this material could have damaging consequences. Unless destroyed, this material could have damaging consequences. 15.  Jennifer had been shoplifting for many years before she was found out. Before being found out, Jennifer had been shoplifting for many years.